Understanding Thermoforming

Book Description :

The process of heating and reshaping plastics sheet and film materials has been in use since the beginning of the plastics industry. This process is known as thermoforming. Today this process is used for industrial products including signage, housings, and hot tubs. It also produces much of the packaging in use today including blister packs, egg cartons, and food storage containers. This process has many advantages over other methods of producing these products, but it has some limitations. This book has a twofold purpose. It is designed to be used as a text book for a course on thermoforming. It is also intended to be an application guide for professionals in the field of thermoforming including manufacturing, process and quality engineers, and managers. This book is focused on process application rather than theory. It refers to real products and processes with the intent of understanding the real issues faced in this industry. In addition to materials and processes, part and tool design are covered. Quality control is critical to any operation and this is also covered in this text. Two areas of focus in today's industry include Lean operations and environmental issues. Both of these topics are also included. Table of Contents: Introduction / Plastics Materials / Thermoforming Process Overview / The Forming Process / Part Design Mold / Tool Design / Quality Control Issues / Lean Operations / Environmental Issues

Book Description :

Thermoforming of Single and Multilayer Laminates explains the fundamentals of lamination and plastics thermoforming technologies along with current and new developments. It focuses on properties and thermoforming mechanics of plastic films and in particular single and multilayered laminates, including barrier films. For environmental and economic reasons, laminates are becoming increasingly important as a replacement for solid sheets and paint finishes in many industries, including transportation, packaging, and construction. Yet the processes of film formability during the extensive deformation and elevated temperatures experienced in conventional processing technologies, such as thermoforming, are poorly understood by most engineers. This book covers production processes, such as extrusion, calendaring, and casting, as well as mechanical and impact testing methods. It also describes how testing protocols developed for metals can be leveraged for plastic films and laminates, and includes a thorough discussion on methods for performing optical strain analysis. Applications in transportation vehicles and packaging, including packaging for food, medical and electronics applications, sports equipment, and household appliances, are discussed. Safety, recycling and environmental aspects of thermoforming and its products complete the book. First comprehensive source of information and hands-on guide for the thermoforming of multilayered laminates Covers applications across such sectors as automotive, packaging, home goods, and construction Introduces new testing methods leveraging protocols used for metals

Book Description :

An authoritative reference on the processing and finishing of polymeric materials for scientists and practitioners Owing to their versatility and wide range of applications, polymeric materials are of great commercial importance. Manufacturing processes of commercial products are designed to meet the requirements of the final product and are influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the polymeric material used. Based on Wiley's renowned Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Processing and Finishing of Polymeric Materials provides comprehensive, up-to-date details on the latest manufacturing technologies, including blending, compounding, extrusion,molding, and coating. Written by prominent scholars from industry, academia, and research institutions from around the globe, this reference features more than forty selected reprints from the Encyclopedia as well as new contributions, providing unparalleled coverage of such topics as: Additives Antistatic agents Bleaching Blowing agents Calendaring Casting Coloring processes Dielectric heating Electrospinning Embedding Processing and Finishing of Polymeric Materials is an ideal resource for polymer and materials scientists, chemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, process engineers, and consultants, and serves as a valuable addition to libraries of chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science in industry, academia, and government.

Book Description :

Processing techniques are critical to the performance of polymer products which are used in a wide range of industries. Advances in polymer processing: From macro- to nano- scales reviews the latest advances in polymer processing, techniques and materials. Part one reviews the fundamentals of polymer processing with chapters on rheology, materials and polymer extrusion. Part two then discusses advances in moulding technology with chapters on such topics as compression, rotational and blow moulding of polymers. Chapters in Part three review alternative processing technologies such as calendaring and coating, foam processing and radiation processing of polymers. Part four discusses micro and nano-technologies with coverage of themes such as processing of macro, micro and nanocomposites and processing of carbon nanotubes. The final section of the book addresses post-processing technologies with chapters on online monitoring and computer modelling as well as joining, machining, finishing and decorating of polymers. With is distinguished editors and team of international contributors, Advances in polymer processing: From macro- to nano- scales is an invaluable reference for engineers and academics concerned with polymer processing. Reviews the latest advances in polymer processing, techniques and materials analysing new challenges and opportunities Discusses the fundamentals of polymer processing considering the compounding and mixing of polymers as well as extrusion Assesses alternative processing technologies including calendaring and coating and thermoforming of polymers

Book Description :

Modern thermoforming practice is a balance of practical experience and the application of engineering principles. This very practical book introduces the process, its tools and machinery, and the commonly used materials to novices and practicing engineers alike.

Book Description :

This book presents selected proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Processing and Design (ICAMPD 2019). The contents highlight latest research in next-generation mechanical systems design, thermal and fluid systems design, materials and smart manufacturing processes, and industrial engineering. Some of the topics covered include smart materials, materials processing and applications, smart machinery and machine design, system dynamics and simulation, biomimetics, energy systems, micro- and nano-scale transport, automotive engineering, advance material characterization and testing, and green and sustainable manufacturing. Given the scope of the contents, this book can be of interest to students, researchers as well as industry professionals.

Book Description :

Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook: Processing, Materials, and Applications, Second Edition, covers both the polymer basics that are helpful to bring readers quickly up-to-speed if they are not familiar with a particular area of plastics processing and the recent developments that enable practitioners to discover which options best fit their requirements. New chapters added specifically cover polyamides, polyimides, and polyesters. Hot topics such as 3-D printing and smart plastics are also included, giving plastics engineers the information they need to take these embryonic technologies and deploy them in their own work. With the increasing demands for lightness and fuel economy in the automotive industry (not least due to CAFÉ standards), plastics will soon be used even further in vehicles. A new chapter has been added to cover the technology trends in this area, and the book has been substantially updated to reflect advancements in technology, regulations, and the commercialization of plastics in various areas. Recycling of plastics has been thoroughly revised to reflect ongoing developments in sustainability of plastics. Extrusion processing is constantly progressing, as have the elastomeric materials, fillers, and additives which are available. Throughout the book, the focus is on the engineering aspects of producing and using plastics. The properties of plastics are explained, along with techniques for testing, measuring, enhancing, and analyzing them. Practical introductions to both core topics and new developments make this work equally valuable for newly qualified plastics engineers seeking the practical rules-of-thumb they don't teach you in school and experienced practitioners evaluating new technologies or getting up-to-speed in a new field. Presents an authoritative source of practical advice for engineers, providing guidance from experts that will lead to cost savings and process improvements Ideal introduction for both new engineers and experienced practitioners entering a new field or evaluating a new technology Updated to include the latest technology, including 3D Printing, smart polymers, and thorough coverage of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics

Book Description :

This book presents the proceedings from the 5th NEWTECH conference (Belgrade, Serbia, 5–9 June 2017), the latest in a series of high-level conferences that bring together experts from academia and industry in order to exchange knowledge, ideas, experiences, research results, and information in the field of manufacturing. The range of topics addressed is wide, including, for example, machine tool research and in-machine measurements, progress in CAD/CAM technologies, rapid prototyping and reverse engineering, nanomanufacturing, advanced material processing, functional and protective surfaces, and cyber-physical and reconfigurable manufacturing systems. The book will benefit readers by providing updates on key issues and recent progress in manufacturing engineering and technologies and will aid the transfer of valuable knowledge to the next generation of academics and practitioners. It will appeal to all who work or conduct research in this rapidly evolving field.

Book Description :

This handbook provides a framework for understanding how tocharacterize plastic manufacturing processes for use introubleshooting problems. The 21 chapters are authored bywell-known and experienced engineers who have specialized knowledgeabout the processes covered in this practical guide. From the Preface: “In every chapter, the process is described and the mostcommon problems are discussed along with the root causes andpotential technical solutions. Numerous case studies are providedthat illustrate the troubleshooting process. Mark A. Spalding,The Dow Chemical Company

Book Description :

The Science and Technology of Flexible Packaging: Multilayer Films from Resin and Process to End Use, Second Edition provides a comprehensive guide on plastic films in flexible packaging, covering scientific principles, materials properties, processes and end use considerations. Sections discuss the science of multilayer films in a concise and impactful way, presenting the fundamental understanding required to improve product design, material selection and processes. In addition, the book includes information on why one material is favored over another and how film or coating affects material properties. Descriptions and analysis of key properties of packaging films are provided from engineering and scientific perspectives. With essential scientific insights, best practice techniques, environmental sustainability information and key principles of structure design, this book provides information aids in material selection and processing, how to shorten development times and deliver stronger products, and ways to enable engineers and scientists to deliver superior products with reduced development time and cost. Provides essential information on all aspects of multilayer films in flexible packaging, including processing, properties, materials and end use Bridges the gap between scientific principles and practical challenges Includes explanations to assist practitioners in overcoming challenges Enables the reader to address new challenges, such as design for sustainability and eCommerce

Book Description :

This book discusses the general concept and applications of rapid tooling technologies and introduces the use of incremental forming for the development of rapid sheet tools. Methods and techniques for tool design and development are discussed, considering their manufacture using incremental forming and complementary processes. The mechanical and thermal performance of sheet metal tools is analyzed. Finally, possible applications are introduced, with the description of some case study examples.

Book Description :

Because of the increasing pressure on both food safety and packaging/food waste, the topic is important both for academics, applied research, industry and also for environment protection. Different materials, such as glass, metals, paper and paperboards, and non-degradable and degradable polymers, with versatile properties, are attractive for potential uses in food packaging. Food packaging is the largest area of application within the food sector. Only the nanotechnology-enabled products in the food sector account for ~50% of the market value, with and the annual growth rate is 11.65%. Technological developments are also of great interest. In the food sector, nanotechnology is involved in packaging materials with extremely high gas barriers, antimicrobial properties, and also in nanoencapsulants for the delivery of nutrients, flavors, or aromas, antimicrobial, and antioxidant compounds. Applications of materials, including nanomaterials in packaging and food safety, are in forms of: edible films, polymer nanocomposites, as high barrier packaging materials, nanocoatings, surface biocides, silver nanoparticles as potent antimicrobial agents, nutrition and neutraceuticals, active/bioactive packaging, intelligent packaging, nanosensors and nanomaterial-based assays for the detection of food relevant analytes (gasses, small organic molecules and food-borne pathogens) and bioplastics.

Book Description :

Materials Processing is the first textbook to bring the fundamental concepts of materials processing together in a unified approach that highlights the overlap in scientific and engineering principles. It teaches students the key principles involved in the processing of engineering materials, specifically metals, ceramics and polymers, from starting or raw materials through to the final functional forms. Its self-contained approach is based on the state of matter most central to the shaping of the material: melt, solid, powder, dispersion and solution, and vapor. With this approach, students learn processing fundamentals and appreciate the similarities and differences between the materials classes. The book uses a consistent nomenclature that allow for easier comparisons between various materials and processes. Emphasis is on fundamental principles that gives students a strong foundation for understanding processing and manufacturing methods. Development of connections between processing and structure builds on students’ existing knowledge of structure-property relationships. Examples of both standard and newer additive manufacturing methods throughout provide students with an overview of the methods that they will likely encounter in their careers. This book is intended primarily for upper-level undergraduates and beginning graduate students in Materials Science and Engineering who are already schooled in the structure and properties of metals, ceramics and polymers, and are ready to apply their knowledge to materials processing. It will also appeal to students from other engineering disciplines who have completed an introductory materials science and engineering course. Coverage of metal, ceramic and polymer processing in a single text provides a self-contained approach and consistent nomenclature that allow for easier comparisons between various materials and processes Emphasis on fundamental principles gives students a strong foundation for understanding processing and manufacturing methods Development of connections between processing and structure builds on students’ existing knowledge of structure - property relationships Examples of both standard and newer additive manufacturing methods throughout provide students with an overview of the methods that they will likely encounter in their careers

Book Description :

Introduces the latest innovations in thermoforming materials, processes, and applications Advanced Thermoforming brings readers fully up to date with the latest standards, processes, materials, and applications in the field. From forming to filling to sealing processes, the author explains everything that can now be accomplished using the most advanced thermoforming technologies available. Moreover, readers learn how to fully leverage these technologies in order to design and manufacture products that meet all specifications at minimum cost and maximum efficiency. Emphasizing the application of advanced thermoforming for the production of technical parts and packaging, the book: Guides readers through all facets of development, design, and machine and mold technology Recommends new technologies that offer higher productivity, better quality, and lower costs Describes common raw materials used in thermoforming, including how specific materials affect the production process Explains the proper handling of semi-finished products and formed parts Sets forth the basic principles of extrusion, an essential process underlying thermoforming Introduces the latest software techniques to simulate the thermoforming of new products Throughout the book, readers learn about the latest innovations in thermoforming, from thermoformed automobile body parts to fully automated packaging assembly lines. The author offers valuable content from his interviews with leading industrial thermoformers, sharing insights and tips from their years of hands-on experience with readers. With Advanced Thermoforming as their guide, polymer and plastics engineering professionals and students can now explore and exploit the full range of possibilities that thermoforming technology offers.

Book Description :

New and not previously published U.S. and international research on composite and nanocomposite materialsFocus on health monitoring/diagnosis, multifunctionality, self-healing, crashworthiness, integrated computational materials engineering (ICME), and moreApplications to aircraft, armor, bridges, ships, and civil structures This fully searchable CD-ROM contains 270 original research papers on all phases of composite materials, presented by specialists from universities, NASA and private corporations such as Boeing. The document is divided into the following sections: Aviation Safety and Aircraft Structures; Armor and Protection; Multifunctional Composites; Effects of Defects; Out of Autoclave Processing; Sustainable Processing; Design and Manufacturing; Stability and Postbuckling; Crashworthiness; Impact and Dynamic Response; Natural, Biobased and Green; Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME); Structural Optimization; Uncertainty Quantification; NDE and SHM Monitoring; Progressive Damage Modeling; Molecular Modeling; Marine Composites; Simulation Tools; Interlaminar Properties; Civil Structures; Textiles. The CD-ROM displays figures and illustrations in articles in full color along with a title screen and main menu screen. Each user can link to all papers from the Table of Contents and Author Index and also link to papers and front matter by using the global bookmarks which allow navigation of the entire CD-ROM from every article. Search features on the CD-ROM can be by full text including all key words, article title, author name, and session title. The CD-ROM has Autorun feature for Windows 2000 or higher products and can also be used with Macintosh computers. The CD includes the program for Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search 11.0. One year of technical support is included with your purchase of this product.

Book Description :

This book presents useful tips and strategies on how to integrate aligner orthodontics successfully into clinical practice, whether outsourced or with in-office aligner treatment. This second edition sees the authors review the diagnostic protocols and the biomechanics of aligners before presenting aligner orthodontics protocols. Supported by accompanying case documentation, the discussion of each malocclusion includes information on the associated symptoms, the rationale behind the selected treatment approaches, and the various outcomes achieved. The separation into sections on each malocclusion helps patients and clinicians in deciding whether this system can provide optimal treatment outcomes for a particular clinical situation. This is a practical manual for any clinician interested in the treatment modality of aligner orthodontics.

Book Description :

"Provides in-depth coverage of the entire thermoforming molding process from market domain and materials options to manufacturing methods and peripheral support. Second Edition furnishes entirely new information on twin sheet forming, corrugated tubing and pipe manufacturin gtechniques, plastics recycling, forthcoming equipment, and energy and labo

Book Description :

"Provides in-depth coverage of the entire thermoforming molding process from market domain and materials options to manufacturing methods and peripheral support. Second Edition furnishes entirely new information on twin sheet forming, corrugated tubing and pipe manufacturin gtechniques, plastics recycling, forthcoming equipment, and energy and labor costs."

Book Description :

This book addresses general information, good practices and examples about thermo-physical properties, thermo-kinetic and thermo-mechanical couplings, instrumentation in thermal science, thermal optimization and infrared radiation.

Book Description :

This book on flexible formwork for fluid architecture is a multi-faceted research that covers a broad field: from design to material and technology, and from history to future developments. It offers a pragmatic approach that can be extended with more cases, materials, techniques and methods for fluid architecture, and provides a better understanding of the main aspects of fluid architecture and to help them find the most suitable combinations of all aspects. The book is a challenging experience with many new discoveries, including two patents: one on moulding of fluid surfaces and one on 3D printing of fibre–reinforced ice. It also features two world records: the larges span (30 meters) and the highest thin shell structure (30,5 meters) in ice as well as a method for the construction of a fully laminated shell structure in insulated glass.