The Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Book Description :

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis controls reactions to stress and regulates various body processes such as digestion, the immune system, mood and sexuality, and energy usage. This volume focuses on the role it plays in the immune system and provides substantive experimental and clinical data to support current understanding in the field, and potential applications of this knowledge in the treatment of disease. * Evidence presented in this book suggests that the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems form the Neuroendoimmune Supersystem, which integrates all the biological functions of higher organisms both in health and disease for their entire life cycle. * Contributors include both the scientists who initiated the work on the HPA axis and on the autonomic nervous system, and those who joined the field later.

Book Description :

A concise and innovative account of clinical neuroendocrine disorders and the key principles underlying their diagnosis and management.

Book Description :

Recent years have seen spectacular advances in the field of circadian biology. These have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields, including endocrinology, neurosciences, cancer, and behavior. By integrating a circadian view within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism, researchers will be able to reveal many, yet-unsuspected aspects of how organisms cope with changes in the environment and subsequent control of homeostasis. This field is opening new avenues in our understanding of metabolism and endocrinology. A panel of the most distinguished investigators in the field gathered together to discuss the present state and the future of the field. The editors trust that this volume will be of use to those colleagues who will be picking up the challenge to unravel how the circadian clock can be targeted for the future development of specific pharmacological strategies toward a number of pathologies.

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Cushing ́s syndrome is a rare disorder that is associated with many co-morbidities such as systemic hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, impaired immune function, and psychiatric disease, all of which severely reduce quality of life and life expectancy. This book reviews the role of cortisol in the human body, focusing on the effects of excess cortisol due to Cushing’s syndrome as well as the role of the HPA axis in metabolism, inflammation, and neuropsychiatric function. The volume will cover basic mechanistic data, clinical outcomes data, and novel therapies. Also discussed are everything from abnormalities of the HPA axis, to the role of the HPA axis in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders and metabolic disorders, to new definitions of Cushing’s remission and recurrence. The Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease will provide a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the pathophysiology and outcomes of excess cortisol in the human body and brain as well as the role of the HPA axis in other disease states.

Book Description :

Anxiety affects millions, manifesting as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobias, post-traumatic-stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder. Not only are anxiety disorders common, but they are also crippling, frequently co-occurring and predict high risk for depressive disorders. Shared mechanisms may explain the overlapping features of many anxiety disorders and account for associations with other highly-impairing conditions, such as major depression and substance use. Beyond risk for specific disorders, anxiety also predicts a number of other adverse outcomes, including suicidal behavior, medical problems, social, and economic difficulties. Conversely, disorder-specific mechanisms may also exist and explain the unique features of each syndrome. Thus, it is important to understand both shared and specific aspects of anxiety. The Primer on Anxiety Disorders provides early-stage practitioners and trainees, as well as seasoned clinicians and researchers, with need-to-know knowledge on diagnosis and treatment. Clinical cases are used throughout the book to enhance understanding of and illustrate specific disorders, comorbid conditions and clinical issues. To facilitate an integrative approach, content allows clinicians to understand patient characteristics and tailor interventions. The integrated approach of each chapter includes recent research on genetics and neuroscience to understand the mechanisms of anxiety disorders, focusing on the forthcoming new nosology in DSM-5. Chapters further integrate innovative advances in clinical research providing research on a range of discoveries regarding biomarkers of illness, biological predictors of treatments and the effect of treatment on neurocircuitry.

Book Description :

A concise review of current research into suicide providing a guide to understanding this disease and its increasing incidence globally.

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Download The Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal Axis book written by Christopher Richard Watkin Edwards, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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This book is an up-to-date, extensive overview of the effects of physical activity and training on endocrine function. It gives insights into a complex relationship by describing effects with respect to exercise performance, growth, development, and ageing. It includes discussions of the endocrine response depending on exercise mode, intensity, and duration as well as on gender, age, and fitness level. Additionally the book deals with the impact of environmental and psychological factors on endocrine level. A substantial part of Sports Endocrinology is devoted to the 'hot topic' of hormonal doping in sports. The properties of androgens, growth hormone, erythropoietin, and dietary supplements are highlighted. The use and abuse among professional and recreational athletes is discussed and specific methods of detection are presented and explained. All contributors are well-known experts in sports medicine and endocrinology, endocrine physiology, pharmacology, and doping detection, so this book is a must-read for every professional involved in the field.

Book Description :

The neuroendocrine system plays a pivotal role in the control of growth, puberty, reproduction, and intermediate metabolism. This title presents the research on neuroendocrine physiology, advances in the control of the onset of puberty and its disorders, and basic and clinical aspects of the GH/IGF-1 and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes.

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Download Mechanisms Regulating Inhibition of the Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal Axis During Restriction induced Drinking in the Rat book written by Cheryl Wotus, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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Download Foundations of Neuroscience book written by Casey Henley, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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Sepsis and neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS) are the most common diseases of newborn foals. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis (HPAA) regulates a multitude of physiological processes including energy metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, immune function, and organ maturation. The HPAA is also the key regulator of the stress response to pathological conditions. Hypothalamic factors including corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) control the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal gland to synthesize cortisol, aldosterone, as well as steroid precursors and sex steroids. Relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) or critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI), defined as an insufficient cortisol response to stress or inadequate cortisol activity for the existing degree of critical illness has been associated with mortality in human patients. Our group and others have shown that RAI is associated with mortality in septic foals. However, a more detailed investigation on the multiple adrenocortical steroid response in critically ill foals is necessary to better understand the pathogenesis of equine perinatal disorders and the contribution of adrenal dysfunction to equine perinatal diseases. The overall aim of the studies reported herein was to investigate the association of multiple adrenal steroids and steroid precursors (e.g. pregnenolone, progesterone) with disease severity and outcome in foals. First, a new scoring method (Foal Survival Score) was developed to predict severity of disease and survival in hospitalized foals (Chapter 2). The second study determined the association of AVP and aldosterone concentrations with clinical signs and laboratory findings of tissue hypoperfusion in hospitalized foals (Chapter 3). Next, the response of adrenal corticosteroids and steroid precursors to stressful events was evaluated in hospitalized foals on admission. In this study, in addition to a poor cortisol response to sepsis, we found that RAI was characterized by high progestogen concentration (progesterone, 17a-hydroxyprogesterone) that was associated with mortality (Chapter 4). Further, a low dose ACTH (10 μg) stimulation test was performed in healthy and sick foals. As expected, the response of multiple adrenal steroids to exogenous ACTH was lower in septic compared to healthy foals. The response of 17a-hydroxyprogesterone to ACTH was a good predictor of non-survival in foals (Chapter 5). Next, the longitudinal assessment of adrenal steroids and steroid precursor dynamics during hospitalization was carried out in septic, premature and healthy foals (Chapter 6). Persistently increased concentrations of multiple adrenal steroids were associated with severity of disease and prematurity in hospitalized foals. Progesterone was a good predictor of outcome. Finally, oxytocin and neurosteroids (e.g. progesterone, pregnenolone) were determined in hospitalized foals with NMS and sepsis (Chapter 7). High oxytocin concentrations were associated with increased likelihood of NMS; however, low concentrations of oxytocin were predictive of sepsis in hospitalized foals. Taken together, these finding indicate that the response of the HPAA to foal disorders is a complex process. We documented imbalances of multiple steroids, some of which were linked to the type of disease, disease severity, and mortality. Our research also supports a role for progesterone on equine neonatal physiology as abnormal concentrations were linked to disease.

Book Description :

By stimulating adrenal gland and corticosteroid synthesis, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a central role in response to stress. In this Research Topic, a particular attention has been given to the recent developments on adrenocortical zonation; the growth-promoting activities of ACTH; the various steps involved in acute and chronic regulation of steroid secretion by ACTH, including the effect of ACTH on circadian rhythms of glucocorticoid secretion. The Research Topic also reviews progress and challenges surrounding the properties of ACTH binding to the MC2 receptor (MC2R), including the importance of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) in MC2R expression and function, the various intracellular signaling cascades, which involve not only protein kinase A, the key mediator of ACTH action, but also phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, ion channels and the cytoskeleton. The importance of the proteins involved in the cell detoxification is also considered, in particular the effect that ACTH has on protection against reactive oxygen species generated during steroidogenesis. The impact of the cellular microenvironment, including local production of ACTH is discussed, both as an important factor in the maintenance of homeostasis, but also in pathological situations, such as severe inflammation. Finally, the Research Topic reviews the role that the pituitary-adrenal axis may have in the development of metabolic disorders. In addition to mutations or alterations of expression of genes encoding components of the steroidogenesis and signaling pathways, chronic stress and sleep disturbance are both associated with hyperactivity of the adrenal gland. A resulting effect is increased glucocorticoid secretion inducing food intake and weight gain, which, in turn, leads to insulin and leptin resistance. These aspects are described in detail in this Research Topic by key investigators in the field. Many of the aspects addressed in this Research Topic still represent a stimulus for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence of the central position occupied by the adrenal cortex in many metabolic functions when its homeostasis is disrupted. An in-depth investigation of the mechanisms underlying these pathways will be invaluable in developing new therapeutic tools and strategies.

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Download Psychoneuroendocrinology of Depression book written by Charles B. Nemeeroff, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

Book Description :

The hypothalamus is an anatomically small but functionally important part of the brain. In functional and pathophysiological terms, the hypothalamus represents the intersection of several areas of clinical and medical expertise. The human hypothalamus can be astutely referred to as the crossroad of endocrinology, psychiatry, neurology and neurosurgery. Because of its involvement in myriad physiologic functions and the varied ways disorders involving it can manifest, hypothalamic disease can initially come to medical attention in widely disparate settings and with widely different clinicians. Therefore, the detection and proper care of hypothalamic dysfunction and disease often requires carefully coordinated multidisciplinary care. This volume fills a significant void in the medical professional community, comprehensively presenting the scope of hypothalamic structure, function, dysfunction and disease to cater to the various clinical, teaching and research professionals that have a stake in this part of the human brain. This text captures in one place all the information that practicing clinicians, clinician scientists, and researchers need to be adequately informed about various aspects of the hypothalamus in all its complexity. It is comprehensive and broad in scope so that it provides relevant reference information for the wide range of professionals involved in the pre- and post-mortem detection, diagnosis, characterization, care and management of various hypothalamic disorders and diseases in addition to providing a sound anatomic and physiologic foundation of the normal human hypothalamus. The Human Hypothalamus can be used to differing degrees by medical professionals and students alike, finding utility for interested general clinicians, medical school and allied health professional teaching faculty as well as subspecialists in domains as wide as neurosurgery, neuroendocrinology, clinical psychiatry and neuro-oncology.

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Download Studies of the Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal Axis book written by Nader Karimzandi,United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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This open access book sets out the stress-system model for functional somatic symptoms in children and adolescents. The book begins by exploring the initial encounter between the paediatrician, child, and family, moves through the assessment process, including the formulation and the treatment contract, and then describes the various forms of treatment that are designed to settle the child's dysregulated stress system. This approach both provides a new understanding of how such symptoms emerge -- typically, through a history of recurrent or chronic stress, either physical or psychological -- and points the way to effective assessment, management, and treatment that put the child (and family) back on the road to health and well-being.

Book Description :

Understanding the influence and interaction between physical activity and the endocrine system are of paramount importance in dealing with a multitude of health problems. In Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport, renowned physicians and researchers provide a comprehensive and expanded update on the scientific, clinical and practical components of endocrinology as related to sport and exercise. The authors thoroughly review what is known about how such activity effects the endocrine system and how in turn these hormonal responses affect many other organs and systems of the body. In addition, aspects of endocrinology in non-glandular tissue which have endocrine actions are addressed; for example, adipocytes and the release of leptin and related adipocytokines. Further, a wide range of clinically related topics such as athletic amenorrhea, osteopenia, sarcopenia, and hypogonadism are included. This new edition critically integrates what is known about the complex interaction of the endocrine system in the sports context and will again prove immensely valuable to all physicians and clinical investigators treating those active in sports today.

Book Description :

Perinatal psychiatry is an emerging field that investigates the role of perinatal events – for example pregnancy complications and infections – in the development of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. Among the implicated pathological mechanisms, perinatal-induced inflammation seems to play a major role and is being considered as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Bringing together various approaches in the field (preclinical and clinical, epidemiological, immunological and genetic methods), the book discusses the available evidence, the putative mechanisms and the challenges ahead.

Book Description :

Download Regulation of the Hypothalamo pituitary adrenal Axis book written by Margaret J. Bradbury, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.