Neuroinflammation And The Visual System

Book Description :

Download Neuroinflammation and the Visual System book written by Gemma Caterina Maria Rossi,Ahmed Toosy,Claudia Angela Michela Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

Book Description :

Inflammation is a central mechanism in many neurological diseases, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, and brain trauma as well as meningitis and contributes to the generation of pain. We are now beginning to understand the impact of the immune system on different nervous system functions and diseases, ranging from damage through tolerance to modulation and repair. This book discusses some of the more common neuro-inflammatory diseases. Topics covered include multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis and Susac syndrome. Comprehensive review of the latest developments in neuroinflammation Includes contributions from leading authorities

Book Description :

The neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the most common forms of dementia and no pharmacological treatments are to date available for these diseases. Indeed, the only used drugs are symptomatic and no useful to block the progression of the diseases. The lack of a therapeutic approach is also due to a lack of an early diagnosis. This Research Topic describes a new target that is involved in the firs step of these disorders and that can be useful for the treatment and the diagnosis of such pathologies: the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 or CB2R. Indeed, CB2R is overexpressed in reactive microglia and activated astrocytes during neuroinflammation and thus their detection by PET probes can be an easily strategy for an early diagnosis of neurodegeneration. Moreover, CB2 agonists and inverse agonists displayed neuroprotective effects and they so can be candidated as new therapeutich drugs for the treatment of these pathologies. Therefore, the aim of this Research Topic is to show the great potential of CB2R ligands for the development of new tools/drugs for both the therapy and the diagnosis of neurodegeneration.

Book Description :

The brain and immune system are involved in an intricate network of bidirectional communication. This relationship is vital for optimal physiological and psychological development and functioning but can also result in unwanted outcomes. In particular, this interaction plays an important role in cognition, mood and behaviour. Neuroinflammation is known to contribute to neurological and affective disorders including impaired learning and memory, depressive, anxiety and schizoaffective symptoms, as well as pain. The development of these conditions often occurs on the backdrop of pre-existing physical illnesses which give rise to increased activation of the immune system, such as cancer, obesity, infection and autoimmune disorders. Similarly, psychological states can alter regulation of the immune system. This has been most extensively studied in the context of stress and immune function. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that lead to the onset of inflammation-induced neuropathology and stress-induced immune suppression will contribute to the development of novel and effective treatment strategies for both the disease and its neurological side effects. In this research topic we explored the relationship between the immune system and the brain throughout life. We include both original research and review papers from animal, clinical and molecular perspectives.

Book Description :

"Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation" book explains how the neuronal cells become swollen at the moment of the blood-brain barrier disruption and how they lose their immunological isolation. A cascade of cytokines and immune cells from the bloodstream enters the nervous system, inflaming neurons and activating the glia. This produces a neuroinflammatory process that can generate different neurodegenerative diseases. Better understanding of mechanisms that are activated at the time when the damage to the brain occurs could lead to the development of suitable therapies that revert the neuronal inflammation and thus prevent further damage to the nervous system.

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Download Mitochondrial OXPHOS System Emerging Concepts and Technologies and Role in Disease book written by David Pacheu-Grau,Erika Fernandez-Vizarra,Gloria Garrabou,Sylvie Callegari, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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This is the story of a hugely successful and enjoyable 25-year collaboration between two scientists who set out to learn how the brain deals with the signals it receives from the two eyes. Their work opened up a new area of brain research that led to their receiving the Nobel Prize in 1981. The book contains their major papers from 1959 to 1981, each preceded and followed by comments telling how and why the authors went about the study, how the work was received, and what has happened since. It begins with short autobiographies of both men, and describes the state of the field when they started. It is intended not only for neurobiologists, but for anyone interested in how the brain works-biologists, psychologists, philosophers, physicists, historians of science, and students at all levels from high school to graduate level.

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The potential involvement of neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of the migraine headache and the inhibition of this mechanism as a possible mode of action of antimigraine medications are discussed in great depth in this volume. The topics are approached from a pathophysiological as well as a clinical experimental perspective by a renowned group of clinicians and scientists who carefully consider the current, future, and potential therapeutic approaches to migraine treatment. The first chapters of the book address the impact of migraine on a personal and societal level, the presentation, pathogenesis and treatment of migraine as well as the role of neurogenic inflammation. Subsequent chapters present models of neurogenic inflammation related to the pathogenesis of the migraine headache, focussing on the mediators and their receptors, as well as on the involvement of mast cells. The possibility of inhibition of neurogenic inflammation in abortive and preventive migraine treatment is also extensively discussed and a chapter on the question of whether migraine is a neuroinflammatory disease concludes this comprehensive analysis. Clinicians and scientists interested in inflammation from a physiological or pharmacological perspective and those interested in the pathogenesis of headache - migraine in particular - are the intended audience for this unique body of work.

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Download Targeting Neuroinflammation in Central Nervous System Disorders Uncovering Mechanisms Pharmacological Targets and Neuropharmaceutical Developments book written by Mariela Fernanda Perez,Claudia Bregonzio,Maria Graciela Castro,Flavia Eugenia Saravia, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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There has been an increasing appreciation of the economic and human toll that age-related disorders take throughout the world. Unprecedented research efforts have followed, aiming at the understanding and treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in particular, and this effort has finally begun to bear fruit - sometimes in surprising ways: Twenty years ago, the idea that AD involved any sort of inflammatory or immune component seemed implausible, if considered at all. Now, there are hundreds of laboratories world-wide that are pursuing basic research in this area, and multi-site clinical trials are underway to test the therapeutic potential of common anti-inflammatory drugs in AD. How this dramatic sea-change came about is made clear in this book, both through overviews of the field and through focused papers on specific topics of recent interest. Complement, cytokines and the complex host of other acute phase reactants are covered, as are summaries of many epidemiologic and clinical-pathological findings...

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This new edition reflects the explosion of knowledge in basic science and clinical care for athletes with mild traumatic brain injury or concussion. Interest in management and methodology for making diagnoses and improving the clinical outcomes have changed dramatically. All U.S. states have laws dictating how sports concussion patients are cared for and require return to play decisions be coordinated with best practice methods. Epidemiology, classification, and biology of sports concussion, as well as, brain imaging, assessment tests, neuropsychological measures, and management strategies are covered. Illustrative clinical cases, correlative examples, and historical insights are featured.

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Download Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of TBI Induced Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Deficits book written by Guoqiang Xing,John Wesson Ashford,Yu Zhang,Yumin Zhang,Maheen Mausoof Adamson,Ansgar J. Furst, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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Müller cells may be used in the future for novel therapeutic strategies to protect neurons against apoptosis (for example, somatic gene therapy), or to differentiate retinal neurons from Müller/stem cells. Meanwhile, a proper understanding of the gliotic responses of Müller cells in the diseased retina, and of their protective vs. detrimental effects, is essential for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies that use and stimulate the neuron-supportive/-protective - and prevent the destructive - mechanisms of gliosis.

Book Description :

Vision starts, and can end, at the photoreceptors. Visual perception begins with the absorption of a photon in the outer segment of photoreceptors, which is transduced into an electrochemical signal for processing by the rest of the central nervous system. Photoreceptors are highly specialized to function under the constant bombardment of light. Any breakdown in the systems that maintain photoreceptors or their environment can lead to degeneration. Photoreceptor loss is permanent, so understanding the underlying mechanisms of degeneration could lead to treatments that greatly increase quality of life for affected individuals. Intriguingly, neuroinflammation is associated with all neurodegenerative diseases and may further neuronal loss. Microglia are the resident macrophage of the central nervous system, responsible for maintaining neuronal health and responding to distress. In the event of neuronal damage or loss, microglia take on a phenotype that may further the progression of degeneration. In some cases, the invasion of peripheral monocytes accompanies microglial activation, and because monocytes appear morphologically and molecularly similar to microglia, distinguishing the roles of the two distinct cell types has been difficult. Understanding these cells in vivo is paramount to ascertaining their function and how it affects photoreceptor health. I used retinal in vivo imaging to study the time course of the immune response to retinal degeneration mediated by loss of the protein Arrestin-1, finding that monocytes invade en masse, recruited through CCL2-CCR2 signaling. Abrogation of monocyte recruitment did not affect photoreceptor degeneration, suggesting a cell-autonomous mechanism of photoreceptor death. In addition, I developed a model of focal photoreceptor damage and studied the microglial response and the loss and recovery of photoreceptor function in vivo. Microglia responded to the injury within days, migrating and appearing to phagocytose damaged cells, then quickly leaving the injured area. Only after microglia withdrew from the injury locus did photoreceptors recover functionally. Overall, these imaging techniques can be used to measure the health and function of photoreceptors and simultaneously determine time-course of the immune response. The results show that microglia respond to photoreceptor degeneration within 24 hours of initiation, that monocytes invade the retina after microglia has been mounted, and that photoreceptor function can return after focal damage.

Book Description :

The fourth edition of this text constitutes a continuation of 20 years of coverage of traumatic brain injury, and broadens the discussion of acquired brain injury. Within TBI, the paradigm shift from an injury occurring at a point in time to a disease entity of a chronic nature is changing the discussion of diagnosis, management, treatment and outcome assessment. Disease specification that differentiates TBIs by the mechanism of injury, the exact nature of the injury, the extent of injury, presence of co-morbidities and their exact nature, gender, age, race, and genome are emerging as crucial. Disease differentiation has impacted diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

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Download Webvision book written by , available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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This book provides a comprehensive overview of the use of PET and SPECT in not only classic neurodegenerative disorders but also cerebrovascular disorders, brain tumors, epilepsy, head trauma, coma, sleeping disorders, and inflammatory and infectious diseases of the CNS. The new edition has been revised and updated to reflect recent advances and includes additional chapters, for example on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in imaging data analysis, the study of brain connectivity using PET and SPECT images, and the role of PET imaging in modulation of brain functioning by deep brain stimulation. The authors are renowned experts whose dedication to the investigation of neurological disorders through nuclear medicine technology has achieved international recognition. Most chapters are written jointly by a clinical neurologist and a nuclear medicine specialist to ensure a multidisciplinary approach. This state of the art compendium will be invaluable for neurologists and radiologists/nuclear medicine specialists and will also be informative for interested general practitioners and geriatricians. Companion volumes on PET and SPECT in psychiatry and in neurobiological systems complete a trilogy.

Book Description :

State of the art reviews by experts in the fields of neuroscience, immunology, microbiology/infectious diseases and pharmacology addressing the convergence of the immune system (neuroinflammation) and the loss of neurons (neurodegeneration). Many of the diseases that are discussed in the book are of epidemic proportion, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, viral encephalitides and substance abuse. In addition to discussions of the involvement of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in these disorders, scientific reviews are presented on the cells and mediators that participate in defense of and damage to the nervous system. With rare exception, no or inadequate treatment exists for the diseases discussed in this book. An underlying premise of the book is that understanding of their shared pathogenic mechanisms will lead to improved therapies. Given the rapid evolution of the field of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, readers will find this book to be the most timely and authoritative reference on the subject of each of its chapters.

Book Description :

Download Translation and Processing of Light by the Non Image Forming Visual System Context Mechanisms and Applications book written by Fabian-Xosé Fernandez,Shadab Rahman,Manuel Spitschan, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

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Download Mast Cells in Itch Pain and Neuro inflammation book written by Rashid Giniatullin,Kalpna Gupta,Theoharis Constantin Theoharides, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.