Escherichia Coli

Book Description :

The 2e of Escherichia coli is a unique, comprehensive analysis of the biology and molecular mechanisms that enable this ubiquitous organism to thrive. Leading investigators in the field discuss the molecular basis of E. coli pathogenesis followed by chapters on genomics and evolution. Detailed descriptions of distinct strains reveal the molecular pathogenesis of each and the causes of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans. This work concludes with a presentation of virulence factors common to two or more pathotypes. The book is a great resource for references and up-to-date knowledge for anyone who studies E. coli pathogenesis, either as established investigators or investigators new to the field. It is also an excellent text for those who teach mechanisms of pathogenesis to graduate students and medical students and wish to have a source of knowledge from which to develop lectures. Offers a single source of information of E. coli pathogenesis written by expert authors Presents comprehensive coverage on molecular mechanisms, biology, evolution and genomics and recent advances

Book Description :

Escherichia coli is a facultative anaerobic Gamma-proteobacterium, which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. While being an important constituent of the normal gut microbiota, specialized E. coli clones have acquired genetic elements that allow them to compete with the endogenous commensals, colonise normally sterile niches and cause disease. E. coli pathotypes can cause intestinal and extra intestinal infections (e.g. UTI, sepsis) and associate with mammalian cells while being extra- or intra-cellular. In recent years, E. coli infections have become a serious clinical problem, due to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance. Thus, infections with intestinal E. coli (e.g. E. coli O104) or extraintestinal pathogenic strains (e.g. E. coli ST131) are becoming difficult to treat and are often lethal. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop alternative control measures, including the identification of new drug targets and development of vaccines that offer lasting protection. This volume focuses on several types of E. coli infections (intestinal and extraintestinal), virulence factors, and E. coli pandemics. It addresses the problem of antibiotic resistance, and a dedicated chapter discusses the need to develop alternative control measures. Given its depth and breadth of coverage, the book will benefit all those interested in the biology, genetics, physiology and pathogenesis of E. coli, and in related vaccine development.

Book Description :

Bacterial diarrheal diseases remain an important leading cause of preventable death, especially among children under five in developing countries. In the American continent, diarrheal disease and other health complications caused by Escherichia coli constitute a major public health problem, and, therefore, several research groups have dedicated their effort to understand this pathogen and provide feasible solutions to prevent, treat and reduce E. coli infections. The Latin American Coalition for Escherichia coli Research (LACER) was created as a multidisciplinary network of international research groups working with E. coli with the ultimate goal of advancing understanding of E. coli, and to prepare the next generation of American E. coli investigators. As such, this book compiles the knowledge of these investigators about E. coli, a commensal bacteria living inside its host, and a pathogen causing disease in animals and humans. Escherichia coli in the Americas contains a series of 15 chapters written by experts, covering basic concepts regarding the different categories of E. coli, including their environmental niche, virulence mechanisms, host reservoir, and disease outcomes, as well as diagnosis, vaccine development and treatment. This book's target audience include trainees and students learning about the basic and clinical aspects of E. coli pathogenesis, as well as experts around the globe who wish to learn more about this pathogen and the public health impact this bacteria has in America.

Book Description :

Pathogenic Escherichia coli are known to be a common cause of diarrheal disease - a common cause of frequently occurring bacterial infections in children and adults in developing countries. It poses a significant problem in Latin America. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Latin America presents current information on understanding pathogenic E. coli in Latin America and outlines prospects for future research in this region. It features a unique, comprehensive analysis of the most common categories of E. coli associated with diarrheal illness in Latin America. The aim of this book is to help epide.

Book Description :

Although most strains of E. coli bacteria are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals, several strains can produce powerful toxins and cause severe illness in humans. This versatile pathogen is best known for being transmitted to humans through contaminated foods — such as undercooked meat and unpasteurized fruit juice — and has attracts much attention when serious outbreaks occur. E. coli is capable of causing a wide variety of diseases — from urinary tract infections to meningitis. A considerable amount of media coverage has recently been devoted to one particular strain of E. coli, responsible for an estimated 73,000 cases of infection and 61 deaths in the United States each year. Knowing more about the biology, the evolution, and the genetic basis of this pathogen is crucial to future prevention of infection and illness. Pathogenic E. coli is a unique, comprehensive analysis of the biology and molecular mechanisms that enable this ubiquitous organism to thrive. Leading investigators in the field discuss the molecular basis of E. coli pathogenesis followed by chapters on genomics and evolution. Detailed descriptions of distinct strains reveal the molecular pathogenesis of each and the causes of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans. Pathogenic E. coli concludes with a presentation of virulance factors, common to two or more pathotypes. This unique collection presents timely and vital information on understanding the inner workings of E. coli, which will lend key insights into disease prevention research. Single source of information of E. coli pathogenesis Expert authors Comprehensive coverage Molecular mechanisms Biology, evolution and genomics Recent advances

Book Description :

This comprehensive compilation, written by an authoritative team of international contributors, surveys the role E. coli plays in health and disease. First, the diseases in humans and animals attributable to E. coli are described in general terms, including a discussion of the part it plays in the normal flora of humans and animals. The next section is devoted to each of the recognized virulence factors and mechanisms, including capsules, adhesins, hemolysins, endotoxins and exotoxins, and iron scavenging. The third section covers in detail various diseases and their mechanisms. The final section addresses the host responses to infection and the design of vaccines.

Book Description :

Although E. coli is primarily a commensal of mammals, and to a lesser extent birds, it can be isolated from a variety of host species as well as soil, sediments, and water. It has long been recognized that E. coli exhibits quite extensive substructuring and that the relative abundance of the most common phylo-groups varies with respect to host age and sex, host species, as well as geographical location. Strains belonging to some phylo-groups are much more frequently encountered in water samples than strains belonging to other phylo-groups. The extent to which strain survival in the external environment has determined the evolutionary origins of the various diarrheal pathotypes is unknown. There is a growing body of evidence that indicates commensal E. coli, like the diarrheal pathotypes, exhibits at some tissue specificity within the gastrointestinal tract. However, there is little evidence to suggest that commensal E. coli exhibit extensive host specificity as is the case with many of the diarrheal pathotypes.

Book Description :

Introduces the bacterial disease, including how it can be transmitted, prevented, and treated, and describes the future of E. coli research.

Book Description :

Download Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli book written by E. C. C. Lin,A. Simon Lynch, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

Book Description :

Escherichia coli are leading causes of diarrhea in children from less developed areas of the world and in travelers from industrialized countries visiting these regions. They are increasingly recognized as pathogens in high income countries, where the mode of transmission is frequently via food and waterborne vehicles. Based on their pathogenic phenotypes and the diseases that they cause, diarrheagenic E. coli have been classified into 6 groups: enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), diffusely adherent (DAEC), and Shiga toxin producing (STEC) (this last group is also termed enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)). The pathogenic mechanisms by which these groups cause diarrhea are often shared, such as the type 3 secretion system found in EPEC and EHEC, and group-specific, such as the production of Shiga toxins. Although their public health importance is large, the diagnosis of diarrheagenic E. coli in patients and populations is still largely limited to research laboratories. Hence, our knowledge of the spectrum of diseases and syndromes that they cause is quite limited. Also, because we cannot readily identify infected patients, there are many difficulties defining modes of acquisition, prevention and treatment strategies, and estimating the burden of infectious sequelae. These infections pose many challenges, and progress will not occur until we improve our diagnostic capabilities for these agents.

Book Description :

E. coli is the most common Gram-negative organism causing neonatal meningitis and neonatal meningitis continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Our incomplete knowledge of its pathogenesis and pathophysiology contributes to such mortality and morbidity. Recent reports of neonatal meningitis caused by E. coli strains producing CTX-M-type or TEM-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases create a challenge. E. coli invasion of the blood–brain barrier is a prerequisite for penetration into the brain, and requires specific microbial–host factors as well as microbe- and host-specific signaling molecules. Blockade of such microbial–host factors and host cell signaling molecules is shown to be efficient in preventing E. coli penetration into the brain, the essential step in the development of E. coli meningitis. Continued investigation of the microbial and host factors contributing to E. coli invasion of the blood–brain barrier is likely to identify new targets for prevention and therapy of E. coli meningitis, thereby limiting the exposure to emerging antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.

Book Description :

Systems biology is changing the way biological systems are studied by allowing us to examine the cell and organism as a whole. Systems biotechnology allows optimal design and development of upstream to downstream bioprocesses by taking a systems-approach. E. coli has been a model organism for almost all biological and biotechnological studies. This book brings together for the first time the state-of-the-art reviews by the world-leading experts on systems biology and biotechnological applications of E. coli. The topics covered include genomics and functional genomics, resources for systems biology, network analysis, genome-scale metabolic reconstruction, modelling and simulation, dynamic modelling and simulation, systems-level analysis of evolution, plasmids and expression systems, protein synthesis, production and export, engineering the central metabolism, synthetic biology, and systems metabolic engineering of E. coli. This book provides readers with guidance on how a complex biological system can be studied using E. coli as a model organism. It also presents how to perform synthetic biology and systems metabolic engineering studies on E. coli with successful examples, the approaches of which can be extended to other organisms. This book will be a complete resource for anyone interested in systems biology and biotechnology.

Book Description :

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains are a leading cause of diarrhea among infants in developing countries. These bacteria spread via fecal–oral transmission and colonize the small intestine. Typical EPEC differs from atypical strains in that they possess the bfp operon and generate a type IV-B class of fimbriae known as the bundle-forming pilus (BFP). EPEC uses BFP to attach to intestinal epithelium. Upon attachment, EPEC translocates effector proteins into the host cell via a type 3 secretion system, which is encoded on a pathogenicity island known as the locus of enterocyte effacement. Translocated effectors modulate the host response in a number of ways, including subversion of immune responses and hijacking of the cytoskeletal system. By inducing actin rearrangement, EPEC causes the formation of actin pedestals onto which it sits, and leads to the effacement of microvilli, giving this bacterium a characteristic attaching and effacing phenotype. EPEC infections are typically self-limiting, with rehydration therapy constituting primary treatment, but they can be protracted and lethal. Breastfeeding provides a great protective effect, validating the use of a vaccine to induce a humoral response in mother or child as a potential means of preventative action. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on EPEC pathogenesis and host cell responses and summarizes the current detection and treatment options available.

Book Description :

The title of the book "The Universe of Escherichia coli" aims to present and emphasize the huge diversity of this bacterial species and our efforts to prevent the E. coli infections. As it is part of the gut microbiota, E. coli is a well-known commensal species, and probiotic E. coli strains are successfully used for improving host's health. Also many "workhorse" E. coli strain exist that are employed in laboratory and biotechnology settings. But certain E. coli strains can cause intestinal and also extraintestinal infections at many anatomical sites. Therefore many efforts are undertaken to prevent E. coli infections, among them food safety, vaccines, but also new antimicrobial agents are searched for.

Book Description :

Why do bacteria cause disease in humans? Is disease adaptive for the pathogen or just a biological accident? And if disease is adaptive, how does it influence the long-term or short-term fitness for the pathogen and how is it sustained in nature? In this chapter we try to address these questions by dissecting the molecular mechanisms of both pathogenicity and evolution of Escherichia coli, one of the most notorious and versatile human pathogens, which is also one of the most common human commensal bacteria. We examine how and, more importantly, why horizontally transferred virulence factors and pathoadaptive mutations are acquired by and sustained by certain E. coli lineages. The evolution of pathogenicity is thus reviewed from the perspective of E. coli ecology, with the discussion of various models of virulence evolution in general and some of its paradoxes. We hope to shed light from the evolutionary perspective on how professional, accidental, or opportunistic pathogens might be defined.

Book Description :

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can cause food-borne disease outbreaks associated with contaminated beef or fresh produce, resulting in diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and/or hemolytic uremic syndrome: the triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. Intestinally colonized cattle are a major source of human infection. Upon colonic infection, EHEC utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate into mammalian cells bacterial effector proteins that target cellular functions such as epithelial barrier integrity, vesicular transport, and cytoskeletal structure. Translocated effectors induce ‘attaching and effacing’ lesions, characterized by microvillar effacement, intimate attachment, and actin ‘pedestal’ formation beneath bound bacteria. Systemic disease relies on the production of Shiga toxin, a potent inhibitor of ribosome function that triggers cell death, inflammation, and vascular damage. Most current therapies are only supportive in nature because antibiotic treatment may increase Shiga toxin production. Therefore, outbreak prevention, early diagnosis, and the development of new therapeutic strategies are critical.

Book Description :

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen associated with both outbreaks and sporadic cases of human disease, ranging from uncomplicated diarrhoea to haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). STEC affects children, elderly and immuno-compromised patients. STEC is capable of producing Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1), type 2 (Stx2) or both, encoded by stx1 and stx2 genes, respectively. These strains are likely to produce putative accessory virulence factors such as intimin (encoded by eae), an enterohaemolysin (EhxA) and an autoagglutinating protein commonly associated with eae-negative strains (Saa), both encoded by an enterohaemorrhagic plasmid. Several studies have confirmed that cattle are the principal reservoir of STEC (O157 and non-O157:H7 serotypes) and many of these serotypes have been involved in HUS and HC outbreaks in other countries. Transmission of STEC to humans occurs through the consumption of undercooked meat, vegetables and water contaminated by faeces of carriers and by person-to-person contact. Diagnostic methods have evolved to avoid selective diagnostics, currently using molecular techniques for typing and subtyping of strains. Control is still a challenge, although there are animal vaccines directed against the serotype O157:H7.

Book Description :

Download Escherichia Coli O157 book written by Ellen Kay Miller, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices.

Book Description :

Molecular architecture and assembly of cell parts. Chemical composition of Escherichia coli. Outer membrane. The murein sacculus. Cytoplasmic membrane. Periplasm and protein secretion. Flagella. Frimbiae. The nucleoid. Ribossomes. Metabolism and general physiology. Class I reactions: generation of precursor metabolites and energy. Central metabolic routes: metabolism of glucose. Phosphotransferase system for glucose and other sugars. Glycolysis, Pentose phosphate pathway, and entner-doudoroff pathway. Anaerobic dissimilation of pyruvate. The tricarboxylic acid cycle and anaplerotic reactions. Energy production. Pathways of electrons to oxigen. Pathways for anaerobic electron transport. Coupling to an energized menbrane: role of ion-motive gradients in the transduction of metabolic energy. Entry of carbon from sources other than glucose into central metabolic routes. Dissimilatory pathways for sugars, polyols, and carboxylates. Two-carbon compounds and fatty acids as carbon sources. Class II reactions: conversion of precursor metabolites to small-molecule building blocks. Biosynthesis of amino acids. Ammonia assimilation and the biosynthesis of glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine, L-alanine, and D-alanine. Biosynthesis of arginine and polyamines. Biosynthesis of proline. Biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids. Biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids. Biosynthesis of histidine. biosynthesis of serine and glycine. Biosynthesis of cysteine. Biosynthesis of threonine, lysine, and methionine. Biosynthesis and conversions of nucleotides. Purines and pyrimidines. Biosynthesis of lipids. Biosynthesis of menbrane lipids. Structure and biosynthesis of lipid A in escherichia coli. Biosynthesis of sugar residues. Biosynthesis of sugar residues for glycogen, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, and related systems. Biosynthesis of coenzymes and prosthetic groups. Biosynthesis of the isoprenoid quinones ubiquinone and menaquinone. Biosynthesis of folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and pantothenic acid. Synthesis of pyrodixal phosphate. Biosynthesis of biotin and lipoic acids. Synthesis and use of vitamin B12. NAD biosynthesis and recycling. Class III reactions: formation and processing of polymers. DNA replication. Protein synthesis. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Murein synthesis. Menbrane-derived oligosaccharides. Protein degradation and proteolytic modification. DNA restriction and modification systems. Methylation of DNA. Processing of RNA transcripts. Modification of stable RNA. Utilization of enrgy for cell activities. Motility and chemotaxis. ATP-coupled solute transport systems. Osmotic-shock-sensitive transport systems. Growth yield and energy distribution.

Book Description :

Pathogenic Escherichia coli are found in the contaminated raw meat. Contamination is common in Pakistan due to unhygienic condition. The present work was based on the entomopathogenic effect of E.coli against Tribolium castaneum. The cultured sample of E.coli O157 isolated from raw meat was used in this study. Microbial screening of pathogenic bacteria was done by using different media such as TSB, MacConkey and Novobiocin. Rearing of Tribolium castaneum was done in the Laboratory of LCWU. Bioassay technique was applied for the detection of effect of E.coli against the Tribolium castaneum. The Bioassay was applied in triplicates in bioassay glass vials. The results had shown that E.coli did not have any effect against Tribolium castaneum.