Adverse Effects Of Engineered Nanomaterials

Book Description :

An essential reference that discusses occupational exposure and the adverse health effects of engineered nanomaterials and highlights current and future biomedical applications of these nanomaterials in relation to nanosafety.

Book Description :

Engineered Nanoparticles: Structure, Properties and Mechanisms of Toxicity is an indispensable introduction to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) and their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Although research in the area of pharmacology and toxicology of ENM is rapidly advancing, a possible correlation between their physicochemical properties and biomedical properties or toxicity is not yet fully understood. This understanding is essential to develop strategies for the safe applications and handling of ENM. The book comprehensively defines the current understanding of ENM toxicity, first describing these materials and their physicochemical properties, and then discussing the toxicological theory and methodology before finally demonstrating the potential impact of ENM on the environment and human health. It represents an essential reference for students and investigators in toxicology, pharmacology, chemistry, material sciences, medicine, and those in related disciplines who require an introduction to ENM and their potential toxicological effects. Provides state-of-the-art physicochemical descriptions and methodologies for the characterization of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) Describes the potential toxicological effects of ENM and the nanotoxicological mechanisms of action Presents how to apply theory to practice in a public health and risk assessment setting

Book Description :

Since its advent, nanotechnologies are considered key enabling technologies that take advantage of a wide array of nanomaterials (NMs) for biomedical and industrial applications generating significant societal and economic benefits. However, such innovation increases human exposure to these substances through inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact raising public health concerns. Furthermore, the NMs’ specific physicochemical properties, that confer them unique beneficial characteristics, can also elicit nano-bio interactions leading to toxicity and concerns for public health. In addition, such properties can be affected by the surrounding matrix, particularly when incorporated in complex matrices such as food products, leading to secondary features potentially more relevant than primary characteristics for determining their toxicological outcome. These nano specific issues raise the question of whether the NMs may produce adverse outcomes that are not accounted for when using conventional toxicological approaches to assess their safety. Such uncertainties about the safety of NMs for human health and the environment may hamper a faster and more widespread exploration of their potentials. In response, the NMs definition has evolved, and nanotoxicology has developed towards new and more integrative approach methods to support regulatory and policy actions. This book provides a perspective on recent developments in the synthesis, application, and characterization of NMs and the related nanotechnologies, focusing on nanotoxicology for their accurate safety assessment early in the product development stage. The use of complex in vitro models, including multicellular systems and organoids, and “omics-based” approaches, such as transcriptomics or epigenomics, have greatly contributed to an in-depth understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind some NMs toxicity. Such mechanistic knowledge is equally addressed in this book and has set the basis for a predictive nanotoxicology approach building on adverse outcome pathways. In addition, considering the knowledge provided by the above-mentioned approaches, insights into risk assessment, standardization, and regulation of NMs are also included. Incorporating adequate nanosafety assessment early in the life-cycle of NMs will allow the implementation of the safe and sustainable-by-design paradigm enabling safety to keep pace with innovation. Chapters 10 and 15 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Book Description :

Reproductive toxicology is a complex subject dealing with three components—parent, placenta, and fetus—and the continuous changes that occur in each. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology is a comprehensive and authoritative resource providing the latest literature enriched with relevant references describing every aspect of this area of science. It addresses a broad range of topics including nanoparticles and radiation, gases and solvents, smoking, alcohol and drugs of abuse, food additives, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and metals, among others. With a special focus on placental toxicity, this book is the only available reference to connect the three key risk stages, and is the only resource to include reproductive and developmental toxicity in domestic animals, fish, and wildlife. Provides a complete, integrated source of information on the key risk stages during reproduction and development Includes coverage of emerging science such as stem cell application, toxicoproteomics, metabolomics, phthalates, infertility, teratogenicity, endocrine disruption, surveillance and regulatory considerations, and risk assessment Offers diverse and unique in vitro and in vivo toxicity models for reproductive and developmental toxicity testing in a user-friendly format that assists in comparative analysis

Book Description :

This unique book provides comprehensive overview of the field of immunology related to engineered nanomaterials used for biomedical applications. It contains literature review, case studies and protocols. The book can serve as a source of information about nanoimmunotoxicology for both junior scientists and experts in the field. The authors have more than 10 years of experience with preclinical characterization of engineered nanomaterials used for medical applications, and they share their experience with the readers. In addition, the international team of experts in the field provides the opinion and share the expertise on individual topics related to nanoparticle physicochemical characterization, hematocompatibility, and effects on the immune cell function . The second edition contains updated chapters from the first edition plus new chapters covering areas of tumor immunology, nanoparticle interaction with lymphatic system, mathematical modeling of protein corona, utilization of nanoparticles for the delivery of antiviral drugs, extensive analysis of nanoparticle anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, novel ways of protecting therapeutic nanoparticles from the immune recognition, as well as case studies regarding nanoparticle sterilization, complement activation, protein binding and immunotherapy of cancer. The second edition comes in 3 volumes. Volume 1 is focused on nanoparticle characterization, sterility and sterilization, pyrogen contamination and depyrigenation. It also contains overview of regulatory guidelines, protocols for in vitro and in vivo immunotoxicity studies, and correlation between in vitro and in vivo immunoassays. Volume 2 is focused on hematocompatibility of nanomaterials. It provides comprehensive review and protocols for investigating nanoparticle interaction with erythrocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, plasma coagulation factors and plasma proteins forming so called 'corona' around nanoparticles. Volume 3 is dedicated to nanoparticle interaction with and effects on the immune cell function. It also contains examples of nanoparticle use for delivery of antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Book Description :

This Handbook focuses on the recent advancements in Safety, Risk, Ethical Society and Legal Implications (ESLI) as well as its commercialization of nanotechnology, such as manufacturing. Nano is moving out of its relaxation phase of scientific route, and as new products go to market, organizations all over the world, as well as the general public, are discussing the environmental and health issues associated with nanotechnology. Nongovernmental science organizations have long since reacted; however, now the social sciences have begun to study the cultural portent of nanotechnology. Societal concerns and their newly constructed concepts, show nanoscience interconnected with the economy, ecology, health, and governance. This handbook addresses these new challenges and is divided into 7 sections: Nanomaterials and the Environment; Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing; Bioavailability and Toxicity of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Terrestrial Environments; Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles; Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology; Commercialization of Nanotechnology; Legalization of Nanotechnology.

Book Description :

Overview of current research and technologies in nanomaterial science as applied to omics science at the single cell level Genomic and Epigenomic Effects of Environmental Engineered Nanomaterials is a comprehensive and authoritative compilation of the genetic processes and instructions that specifically direct individual genes to turn on or off, focusing on the developing technologies of engineering nanomaterials and their role in cell engineering which have become important research tools for pharmaceutical, biological, medical, and toxicological studies. Combining state-of-the art information on the impact of engineered nanomaterials in genomics and epigenomics, from a range of internationally recognized investigators from around the world, this edited volume offers unique insights into the current trends and future directions of research in this scientific field. Genomic and Epigenomic Effects of Environmental Engineered Nanomaterials includes detailed information on sample topics such as: Impact of engineered nanomaterials in genomics and epigenomics, including adverse impact on glucose energy metabolism Toxicogenomics, toxicoepigenomics, genotoxicity and epigenotoxicity, and mechanisms of toxicogenomics and toxicoepigenomics Adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials on human environment and metabolomics pathways leading to ecological toxicity Meta-analysis methods to identify genomic toxicity mechanisms of engineered nanomaterials and biological effects of engineered nanomaterial exposure Artificial intelligence and machine learning of single-cell transcriptomics of engineered nanoparticles and trends in plant nano-interaction to mitigate abiotic stresses This comprehensive work is a valuable and excellent source of authoritative and up-to-date information for advanced students and researchers, toxicologists, the drug industry, risk assessors and regulators in academia, industry, and government, as well as for clinical scientists working in hospital and clinical environments.

Book Description :

Nanotechnology is often described as an emerging technology - one that not only holds promise for society, but also is capable of revolutionizing our approaches to common problems. Nanotechnology is not a completely new field; however, it is only recently that discoveries in this field have advanced so far as to warrant examination of their impact upon the world around us. Nanotechnology has direct beneficial applications for medicine and the environment, but like all technologies it may have unintended effects that can adversely impact the environment, both within the human body and within the natural ecosystem. How does the science move forward in a way that best protects the public and gets health and safety right the first time? Implications of Nanotechnology for Environmental Health Research identifies the areas in which additional research is needed and the processes by which changes can occur.

Book Description :

The Handbook of Immunological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature, methodologies, and translational and regulatory considerations in the field of nanoimmunotoxicology. The main subject is the immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. Focus areas include interactions between engineered nanomaterials and red blood cells, platelets, endothelial cells, professional phagocytes, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, complement and coagulation systems, and plasma proteins, with discussions on nanoparticle sterility and sterilization. Each chapter presents a broad literature review of the given focus area, describes protocols and resources available to support research in the individual focus areas, highlights challenges, and outlines unanswered questions and future directions. In addition, the Handbook includes an overview of and serves a guide to the physicochemical characterization of engineered nanomaterials essential to conducting meaningful immunological studies of nanoparticles. Regulations related to immunotoxicity testing of materials prior to their translation into the clinic are also reviewed.The Handbook is written by top experts in the field of nanomedicine, nanotechnology, and translational bionanotechnology, representing academia, government, industry, and consulting organizations, and regulatory agencies. The Handbook is designed to serve as a textbook for students, a practical guide for research laboratories, and an informational resource for scientific consultants, reviewers, and policy makers. It is written such that both experts and beginners will find the information highly useful and applicable.

Book Description :

Nano-Pharmacokinetics and Theranostics: Advancing Cancer Therapy addresses from a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach the translational aspects and clinical perspectives of nano-pharmacokinetics using cancer as a model disease. Nano-pharmacokinetics is emerging as an important sub discipline of nanoscience and medical sciences because of the increasing safety issues of nanosystems on living organisms. This book reports the dynamics of nanosystems in living organisms for better understanding of nanotoxicity, pharmacology, biochemistry, physiology and medicine perspectives. It further examines current progress of state-of-the art pharmacokinetics mechanisms, which will be of great help to develop more clinical-oriented nanosystems with a wide safety margin. The book is divided into three sections: the first section focuses on the concept of pharmacokinetics with state-of-the-art Nano-Pharmacokinetics (NPK). The second section looks at the engineering of nanoparticles and pharmacokinetics clinical development. The final section focuses on Nano-Pharmacokinetics and Theranostics, elaborating the basic question of how pharmacokinetics of nanomaterials relate to their end applications such as cancer therapy. Nano-Pharmacokinetics and Theranostics: Advancing Cancer Therapy will be useful to researchers in the field of nanoparticle based targeted drug delivery including pharmaceutical scientists, material scientists, chemists, nanotechnologists, biomedical scientists, and clinicians. Includes contributions from highly qualified scientists, regulatory entities, enterprises and medical practitioners to explain the long and inherently multidisciplinary pathway of nano-pharmacokinetics Describes assessment methods of nano-pharmacokinetics Examines the interface between nanomedicine and pharmacokinetics to diagnose and treat cancer

Book Description :

This text presents the most current knowledge on the environmental impact of materials and products developed using nanotechnology. Although nanomaterials are revolutionising electronics, medicine, transportation and many other industries, they pose risks to living beings and ecosystems that are barely understood. Leading researchers here consider the science of nanomaterials, their behaviour in the environment, risk assessment and toxicology, and the future of nanomaterials.

Book Description :

This book provides relevant findings on nanoparticles’ toxicity, their uptake, translocation and mechanisms of interaction with plants at cellular and sub-cellular level. The small size and large specific surface area of nanoparticles endow them with high chemical reactivity and intrinsic toxicity. Such unique physicochemical properties draw global attention of scientists to study potential risks and adverse effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Their toxicity has pronounced effects and consequences for plants and ultimately the whole ecosystem. Plants growing in nanomaterials-polluted sites may exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, and lower biomass production. Nanoparticles can adhere to plant roots and exert physicochemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in plants. On the other hand, plants have developed various defense mechanisms against this induced toxicity. This books discusses recent findings as well as several unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological effects of nanoparticles. Only detailed studies of these processes and mechanisms will allow researchers to understand the complex plant-nanomaterial interactions.

Book Description :

Nanomaterials are of interest in many biomedical applications for potential enhancements in structural strength of bone implants, controlled drug release, improved chemical interactions, and scaffolding for cell in-growth and tissue replacement. Unfortunately, the key changes in material properties that enhance performance seem to lead in some cases to increased toxicity. By shifting the distribution of wear particle sizes to smaller individual particles, adverse effects may be created, either directly from the nanoparticle interactions or through intermediary species, such as reactive oxygen. Either way, biological activity often seems to be dependent on particle size, and deleterious side effects and workplace hazards must be evaluated and avoided.

Book Description :

Waterborne Pathogens: Detection and Treatment delivers the tools and techniques on how to identify these contaminates and apply the most effective technology for their removal and treatment. Written for researchers and practicing professionals, the book starts with a brief, but readable, review of ubiquitous waterborne pathogens (primarily viruses, bacterial and parasitic protozoa). This coverage is followed by an in-depth discussion of the latest detection and treatment technologies, ranging from Biosensors, to Nanoconjugates, Membrane Based Technologies and Nanotechnology Treatment. Engineers and scientist will find this to be a valuable reference on cutting-edge techniques for suppling safe drinking water across the globe. Explains the latest research on detection, treatment processes and remediation technologies Includes sampling, analytical and characterization methods and approaches Covers cutting-edge research, including Membrane Based Technologies, Nanotechnology Treatment Technologies and Bioremediation Treatment Technologies Provides background information regarding contamination sources

Book Description :

This book covers the latest information related to understanding immune responses to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Many ENMs used in both the consumer and biomedical fields have been reported to elicit adverse immune responses ranging from innate immune responses such as complement activation to changes in adaptive immunity that influence pathogen responses and promote disease states such as asthma. Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System covers the most up to date information on our understanding of immune responses to ENMs across a wide range of topics including innate immunity, allergic immune responses, adaptive provides the reader with (1) up to date understanding of immune responses to ENMs; (2) current testing methods; and (3) appropriate models including alternative testing strategies for evaluating immunotoxicity of ENMs.

Book Description :

Biochemical Toxicology - Heavy Metals and Nanomaterials provides an overview of biochemical contamination, nanomaterials and toxic metals, and measurement techniques. It explains and clarifies important studies and compares and develops new and groundbreaking measurement techniques in the fields of organic and inorganic pollution and nanoscience. It is highly recommended for professionals and readers interested in the environment and human health.

Book Description :

The book covers the area of ‘Nanotoxicology’ but primarily from the point of view of nanotoxicology at the interface with other disciplines including human toxicology; environmental toxicology; characterization, dose and transformations; regulation; public and elite group perceptions; and interactions with innovation.Nanotoxicology in Humans and the Environment is written for researchers in nanotoxicology in academia, industry, government, and research students. Given the rapid development, the maturing of the discipline and its importance in current regulation and industry development (eg REACH, TSCA), the book is very timely.

Book Description :

Nanotechnology in biology and medicine: Research advancements & future perspectives is focused to provide an interdisciplinary, integrative overview on the developments made in nanotechnology till date along with the ongoing trends and the future prospects. It presents the basics, fundamental results/current applications and latest achievements on nanobiotechnological researches worldwide scientific era. One of the major goals of this book is to highlight the multifaceted issues on or surrounding of nanotechnology on the basis of case studies, academic and theoretical articles, technology transfer (patents and copyrights), innovation, economics and policy management. Moreover, a large variety of nanobio-analytical methods are presented as a core asset to the early career researchers. This book has been designed for scientists, academician, students and entrepreneurs engaged in nanotechnology research and development. Nonetheless, it should be of interest to a variety of scientific disciplines including agriculture, medicine, drug and food material sciences and consumer products. Features It provides a thoroughly comprehensive overview of all major aspects of nanobiotechnology, considering the technology, applications, and socio-economic context It integrates physics, biology, and chemistry of nanosystems It reflects the state-of-the-art in nanotechnological research (biomedical, food, agriculture) It presents the application of nanotechnology in biomedical field including diagnostics and therapeutics (drug discovery, screening and delivery) It also discusses research involving gene therapy, cancer nanotheranostics, nano sensors, lab-on-a-chip techniques, etc. It provides the information about health risks of nanotechnology and potential remedies. It offers a timely forum for peer-reviewed research with extensive references within each chapter

Book Description :

Case Studies in Nanotoxicology and Particle Toxicology presents a highly-illustrated analysis of the most prominent cases on the adverse effects of nanoparticles and their impact on humans and the environment. This comprehensive reference demonstrates the possible risks imposed by managing and handling nanoparticles, showing the effects of involuntary inhalation or ingestion during their use and after their incineration. Through the use of numerous examples, readers will discover the possible risks and effects of working with nanoparticles, along with best practices to prevent these effects. The text is an essential reference for anyone working in the risk assessment of nanoparticles, including nanosafety professionals, occupational toxicologists, regulatory toxicologists, and clinicians. Presents real-life cases showing the potential risks to human health following exposure to nanoparticles An ideal reference for anyone working in the risk assessment of nanoparticles, including nanosafety professionals, occupational toxicologists, regulatory toxicologists, and clinicians Provides examples to help assess risks of handling engineered nanomaterials Advises on the best forms of protection and the safest nanotechnological products

Book Description :

These proceedings of the International Conference on Mechatronic Systems and Materials Application, held on the 8 and 9th September 2012 in Qingdao, China, comprise papers grouped under the rubrics: Alloy and Nanometer Materials Technology; Chemical, Biological, Composites and Functional Materials Science; Electromechanical Integration and Control; Machinery, Automation and Design Technology; Intelligent Production.