A Teaching Essay On Residual Stresses And Eigenstrains

Book Description :

Residual stresses are an important subject in materials science and engineering that has implications across disciplines, from quantum dots to human teeth, from aeroengines to automotive surface finishing. Although a number of monographs exist, no resource is available in the form of a book to serve as a good basis for teaching the fundamentals. A Teaching Essay on Residual Stresses and Eigenstrains introduces eigenstrain methods as a powerful unified approach to residual stress modeling, measurement, and management. Starting with simple residual stress states, the key relationships are elucidated between deformation processes, inelastic strains (eigenstrains) these may introduce, and the resulting residual stress states. This book is written not only for the materials scientist, mechanical engineer, and student seeking to appreciate the origins of residual stress, but also for the more mature researcher and industrial engineer looking to improve their understanding of the eigenstrain approach to describing residual stress. Provides a unified basis for understanding the fundamentals of residual stress origins and consequences Introduces a classification of the most important residual stress states and their efficient description, as well as discussing measurement approaches, their limitations, and uses Approaches the nature and application of eigenstrain methods in a systematic way to describe residual stress fields

Book Description :

Functional Thin Films Technology features the functional aspects of thin films, such as their application in solar selective absorbers, fiber lasers, solid oxide fuel cells, piezo-related areas, catalysts, superhydrophobicity, semiconductors, and trace pesticides detection. It highlights developments and advances in the preparation, characterization, and applications of functional micro-/nano-scaled films and coatings. This book Presents technologies aimed at functionality used in nanoelectronics, solar selective absorbers, solid oxide fuel cells, piezo-applications, and sensors Covers absorbers, catalysts, anodic aluminum oxide, superhydrophobics, and semiconductor devices Features a chapter on transport phenomena associated to structures Discusses transport phenomena and material informatics This second volume in the two-volume set, Protective Thin Coatings and Functional Thin Films Technology, will benefit industry professionals and researchers working in areas related to semiconductors, optoelectronics, plasma technology, solid-state energy storages, and 5G, as well as advanced students studying electrical, mechanical, chemical, and materials engineering.

Book Description :

This book describes the theory and practice of the Hole-Drilling Method for measuring residual stresses in engineering components. Such measurements are important because residual stresses have a "hidden" character because they exist locked-in within a material, independent of any external load. These stresses are typically created during component manufacture, for example, during welding, casting, or forming. Because of their hidden nature, residual stresses are difficult to measure and consequently are often ignored. However, they directly add to loading stresses and can cause catastrophic failure if not properly included during engineering design. Thus, there is an urgent need to be able to identify and measure residual stresses conveniently and reliably. The Hole-Drilling Method provides an adaptable and well-proven method for measuring residual stresses in a wide range of materials and component types. It is convenient to use and gives reliable results. Because of the hidden nature of residual stresses, the measurement method must necessarily be indirect, thus, additional care and conceptual understanding are necessary to achieve successful results. This book provides a practical introduction to the Hole-Drilling Method, starting from its historical roots and going on to focus on its modern practice. The various chapters describe the nature of residual stresses, the principle of hole-drilling measurements, procedures and guidance on how to make successful measurements, and effective mathematical procedures for stress computation and analysis. The book is intended for practitioners who need to make residual stress measurements either occasionally or routinely, for practicing engineers, for researchers, and for graduate engineering and science students.

Book Description :

In this book, well-known scientists discuss modern aspects of generalized continua, in order to better understand modern materials and advanced structures. They possess complicated internal structure, and it requires the development of new approaches to model such structures and new effects caused by it. This book combines fundamental contributions in honor of Victor Eremeyev and his 60th birthday.

Book Description :

ICTAEM_1 treated all aspects of theoretical, applied and experimental mechanics including biomechanics, composite materials, computational mechanics, constitutive modeling of materials, dynamics, elasticity, experimental mechanics, fracture, mechanical properties of materials, micromechanics, nanomechanics, plasticity, stress analysis, structures, wave propagation. During the conference special symposia covering major areas of research activity organized by members of the Scientific Advisory Board took place. ICTAEM_1 brought together the most outstanding world leaders and gave attendees the opportunity to get acquainted with the latest developments in the area of mechanics. ICTAEM_1 is a forum of university, industry and government interaction and serves in the exchange of ideas in an area of utmost scientific and technological importance.

Book Description :

Residual stresses are a common phenomenon in composite materials. They can either add to or significantly reduce material strength. Because of the increasing demand for high-strength, light-weight materials such as composites and their wide range of applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, in civil infrastructure and in sporting applications, it is critical that the residual stresses of composite materials are understood and measured correctly. The first part of this important book reviews destructive and non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for measuring residual stresses. Various mathematical (analytical and numerical) methods for calculation of residual stresses in composite materials are also presented. Chapters in the first section of the book discuss the simulated hole drilling method, the slitting/crack compliance method, measuring residual stresses in homogeneous and composite glass materials using photoelastic techniques, and modeling residual stresses in composite materials. The second part of the book discusses residual stresses in polymer matrix, metal-matrix and a range of other types of composites. Moreover, the addition of nanoparticles to the matrix of polymeric composites as a new technique for reduction of residual stresses is discussed. Residual stresses in composite materials provides a comprehensive overview of this important topic, and is an invaluable reference text for both academics and professionals working in the mechanical engineering, civil engineering, aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. Reviews destructive and non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for measuring residual stresses Discusses residual stresses in polymer matrix, metal-matrix and other types of composite Considers the addition of nanoparticles to the matrix of polymeric composites as a new technique for reduction of residual stresses

Book Description :

Pseudoelasticity of Shape Memory Alloys: Theory and Experimental Studies is devoted to the phenomenon of pseudoelasticity (superelasticity) exhibited by shape memory alloy materials. It provides extensive introductory content on the state-of-the-art in the field, including SMA materials development, definition of shape memory effects, and discussions on where shape memory behavior is found in various engineering application areas. The book features a survey of modeling approaches targeted at reliable prediction of SMA materials’ behavior on different scales of observation, including atomistic, microscopic, mezoscopic, and macroscopic. Researchers and graduate students will find detailed information on the modern methodologies used in the process of building constitutive models of advanced materials exhibiting complex behavior. Introduces the phenomenon of pseudoelasticity exhibited by shape memory alloy materials Features a survey of modeling approaches targeted at reliable prediction of SMN materials' behavior on different scales of observation Provides extensive coverage of the state-of-the-art in the field Ideal reference for researchers and graduate students interested in the modern methodologies used in the process of building constitutive models of advanced materials

Book Description :

Engineering rock mechanics is the discipline used to design structures built in rock. These structures encompass building foundations, dams, slopes, shafts, tunnels, caverns, hydroelectric schemes, mines, radioactive waste repositories and geothermal energy projects: in short, any structure built on or in a rock mass. Despite the variety of projects that use rock engineering, the principles remain the same. Engineering Rock Mechanics clearly and systematically explains the key principles behind rock engineering. The book covers the basic rock mechanics principles; how to study the interactions between these principles and a discussion on the fundamentals of excavation and support and the application of these in the design of surface and underground structures. Engineering Rock Mechanics is recommended as an across-the-board source of information for the benefit of anyone involved in rock mechanics and rock engineering.

Book Description :

Dislocation Based Crystal Plasticity: Theory and Computation at Micron and Submicron Scale provides a comprehensive introduction to the continuum and discreteness dislocation mechanism-based theories and computational methods of crystal plasticity at the micron and submicron scale. Sections cover the fundamental concept of conventional crystal plasticity theory at the macro-scale without size effect, strain gradient crystal plasticity theory based on Taylar law dislocation, mechanism at the mesoscale, phase-field theory of crystal plasticity, computation at the submicron scale, including single crystal plasticity theory, and the discrete-continuous model of crystal plasticity with three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics coupling finite element method (DDD-FEM). Three kinds of plastic deformation mechanisms for submicron pillars are systematically presented. Further sections discuss dislocation nucleation and starvation at high strain rate and temperature effect for dislocation annihilation mechanism. Covers dislocation mechanism-based crystal plasticity theory and computation at the micron and submicron scale Presents crystal plasticity theory without size effect Deals with the 3D discrete-continuous (3D DCM) theoretic and computational model of crystal plasticity with 3D discrete dislocation dynamics (3D DDD) coupling finite element method (FEM) Includes discrete dislocation mechanism-based theory and computation at the submicron scale with single arm source, coating micropillar, lower cyclic loading pillars, and dislocation starvation at the submicron scale

Book Description :

This book presents a broad view of the current state of the art regarding the dynamic response of composite and sandwich structures subjected to impacts and explosions. Each chapter combines a thorough assessment of the literature with original contributions made by the authors. The first section deals with fluid-structure interactions in marine structures. The first chapter focuses on hull slamming and particularly cases in which the deformation of the structure affects the motion of the fluid during the water entry of flexible hulls. Chapter 2 presents an extensive series of tests underwater and in the air to determine the effects of explosions on composite and sandwich structures. Full-scale structures were subjected to significant explosive charges, and such results are extremely rare in the open literature. Chapter 3 describes a simple geometrical theory of diffraction for describing the interaction of an underwater blast wave with submerged structures. The second section addresses the problem of impact on laminated composite structures with chapters devoted to ballistic impacts on pre-stressed composite structures, tests developed to simulate dynamic failure in marine structures, damage mechanisms and energy absorption in low velocity impacts, perforation, the numerical simulation of intra and inter-ply damage during impact, and hail impact on laminated composites. Sandwich structures with laminated facings are considered in Section 3 with chapters dealing with the discrete modeling of honeycomb core during the indentation of sandwich structures, the behavior of fold core sandwich structures during impact, and impact on helicopter blades. The fourth section consists of two chapters presenting experimental results and numerical simulation of composite structures subjected to crash. This volume is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and engineers interested and involved in analysis and design of composite structures.

Book Description :

"This volume ... consists of a book with full texts of invited talks and attached CD-ROM with Extended Summaries of 1225 papers presented during the Congress"--p. x.

Book Description :

This volume is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor C.C. (Chris) Heyde (1939-2008), distinguished statistician, mathematician and scientist. Chris worked at a time when many of the foundational building blocks of probability and statistics were being put in place by a phalanx of eminent scientists around the world. He contributed significantly to this effort and took his place deservedly among the top-most rank of researchers. Throughout his career, Chris maintained also a keen interest in applications of probability and statistics, and in the history of the subject. The magnitude of his impact on his chosen area of research, both in Australia and internationally, was well recognised by the abundance of honours he received within and without the profession. The book is comprised of a number of Chris's papers covering each one of four major topics to which he contributed. These papers are reproduced herein. The topics, and the papers in them, were selected by four of Chris's friends and collaborators: Ishwar Basawa, Peter Hall, Ross Maller (overall Editor of the volume) and Eugene Seneta. Each topic is provided with an overview by the selecting editor. The topics cover a range of areas to which Chris made especially important contributions: Inference in Stochastic Processes, Rates of Convergence in the Central Limit Theorem, the Law of the Iterated Logarithm, and Branching Processes and Population Genetics. The Editor and the other contributors to the volume include well known researchers in probability and statistics. The collection begins with an "author's pick" of a number of his papers which Chris considered most interesting and significant, chosen by him shortly before his death. A biography of Chris by his close friend and collaborator, Joe Gani, is also included. An introduction by the Editor and a comprehensive bibliography of Chris's publications complete the volume. The book will be of especial interest to researchers in probability and statistics, and in the history of these subjects.

Book Description :

While residual stress can be a problem in many industries and lead to early failure of component, it can also be introduced deliberately to improve lifetimes. Knowledge of the residual stress state in a component can be critical for quality control of surface engineering processes or vital to performing an accurate assessment of component life unde

Book Description :

The functional notion of “topic” or “topicality” has suffered, traditionally, from two distinct drawbacks. First, it has remained largely ill defined or intuitively defined. And second, quite often its definition boiled down to structure-dependent circularity. This volume represents a major departure from past practices, without rejecting both their intuitive appeal and the many good results yielded by them. First, “topic” and “topicality” are re-analyzed as a scalar property, rather than as an either/or discrete prime. Second, the graded property of “topicality” is firmly connected with sensible cognitive notions culled from gestalt psychology, such as “predictability” or “continuity”. Third, we develop and utilize precise measures and quantified methods by which the property of “topicality” of clausal arguments can be studied in connected discourse, and thus be properly hinged in its rightful context, that of topic identification, maintenance and recoverability in discourse. Fourth, we show that many grammatical phenomena which used to be studied by linguists in isolation, all partake in one functional domain of grammar, that of topic identification. Finally, we demonstrate the validity of this new approach to the study of “topic” and “topicality” by applying the same text-based quantifying method to a number of typologically-diverse languages, in studying actual texts. Languages studied here are: Written and spoken English, spoken Spanish, Biblical Hebrew, Amharic, Hausa, Japanese, Chamorro and Ute.

Book Description :

Behavior and Design of High-Strength Constructional Steel presents readers with extensive information on the behavior of high-strength constructional steels, providing them with the confidence they need to use them in a safe and economic manner to design and construct steel structures. The book includes detailed discussions on the mechanical properties of HHS while explaining the latest progress in research and design guidelines, including material properties at ambient and elevated temperatures. In addition, the book explains the behavior of elementary members subject to different types of loads and load combinations, and those that are integral to the design of bolted and welded connections. The hysteretic behavior of HHS materials and members are also discussed. This is critical for application and designs under earthquakes and fire conditions. The buckling behaviors of HSS box-section and H-section columns are included in terms of experimental and numerical investigations, along with the geometric imperfection induced by welding. Provides a comprehensive review on the topic of high-strength constructional steel and the latest progress in research and design guidelines Explains the behavior of elementary members subjected to different types of loads and load combinations Recommends structural systems for using high-strength constructional steels in seismic zones

Book Description :

This book focuses on Creep in Ceramics. The book consists of two parts. In part A general knowledge of creep in ceramics is considered, while part B specifies creep in technologically important ceramics, namely creep in oxide ceramics, carnides and nitrides. While covering all relevant information regarding raw materials and characterization of creep in ceramics, the book also summarizes most recent innovations and developments in this field as a result of extensive literature search.

Book Description :

X-ray diffraction crystallography for powder samples is a well-established and widely used method. It is applied to materials characterization to reveal the atomic scale structure of various substances in a variety of states. The book deals with fundamental properties of X-rays, geometry analysis of crystals, X-ray scattering and diffraction in polycrystalline samples and its application to the determination of the crystal structure. The reciprocal lattice and integrated diffraction intensity from crystals and symmetry analysis of crystals are explained. To learn the method of X-ray diffraction crystallography well and to be able to cope with the given subject, a certain number of exercises is presented in the book to calculate specific values for typical examples. This is particularly important for beginners in X-ray diffraction crystallography. One aim of this book is to offer guidance to solving the problems of 90 typical substances. For further convenience, 100 supplementary exercises are also provided with solutions. Some essential points with basic equations are summarized in each chapter, together with some relevant physical constants and the atomic scattering factors of the elements.

Book Description :

Provides a short survey of recent advances in the mathematical modelling of the mechanical behavior of anisotropic solids under creep conditions, including principles, methods, and applications of tensor functions. Some examples for practical use are discussed, as well as experiments by the author to test the validity of the modelling. The monograph offers an overview of other experimental investigations in creep mechanics. Rules for specifying irreducible sets of tensor invariants, scalar coefficients in constitutive and evolutional equations, and tensorial interpolation methods are also explained

Book Description :

In spite of extensive efforts, material weathering testing still requires improvement. This book presents findings and opinions of experts in material degradation testing. The aim is to improve testing methods and procedures. Materials are presented to show that photochemical degradation rate depends on a combination of environmental factors such as UV radiation, temperature, humidity, rain, stress, and concentration of reactive pollutants. The potential effect of each parameter of degradation on data gathered is discussed based on known results from a long experience in testing. This book contains data obtained in laboratories of the largest manufacturers of UV stabilizers and chemical companies that manufacture durable materials. The book gives details of testing procedures and choice of parameters of exposure which are crucial for obtaining laboratory results correlating with environmental performance of materials. In addition to exposure conditions, the book contains many suggestions on sample preparation and post-exposure testing. The effective use of these methods shortens testing time of materials and determines acceleration rate of testing. The book also gives examples of complete, well-designed weathering experiments which may be used as patterns for selection of parameters and techniques for new studies. The areas of research that still require more attention in future studies are clearly indicated.

Book Description :

Over the past 25 years the field of neutron diffraction for residual stress characterization has grown tremendously, and has matured from the stage of trial demonstrations to provide a practical tool with widespread applications in materials science and engineering. While the literature on the subject has grown commensurately, it has also remained